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This guide aims to help businesses navigate the rapidly evolving voluntary biodiversity credit (VBC) markets and decide whether and how to engage in VBCs. It is intended for companies that want to help halt biodiversity loss or restore and regenerate biodiversity in the context of nature-positive strategies. It is relevant for those with biodive…

Moving the cogs in a country’s productivity system requires the right kind of talent. Let’s consider them the oil. The usefulness of this oil depends on all manner of inputs, such as the quality of the education system and the attractiveness of the country to foreigners. The output? A well-greased talent competitiveness machine. Of course, this …

In 2022, the NatWest Executive Committee (ExCo) shifted its strategy to focus increasingly on growth. The previous 15 years had been spent on restructuring and reshaping following a government recapitalisation in 2008. For the ExCo to transform NatWest into a future-ready bank, it embarked on a four-retreat engagement with IMD to help it develop…

On 12 May 2025, China and the United States released a joint statement that ended the recent escalation in tariffs. For 90 days each agreed to lower their tariffs by 115%. This only applies to import taxes imposed since 2 April 2025—all prior tariffs remain in force. China also agreed to suspend or remove “non-tariff countermeasures.” The partie…

With the prospect of far-reaching decoupling of goods trade between China and the United States, fears of deflection of Chinese exports to third markets have returned. This briefing examines the factual record on the frequency of and foreign government response to Chinese trade deflection during the first U.S.-China Trade War before the COVID-19…

IMD produces a yearly Smart City Index offering a balanced focus on economic and technological aspects of smart cities on the one hand, and “humane dimensions” of smart cities (quality of life, environment, and inclusiveness) on the other. In this sixth edition, survey answers to the question “Is finding housing with rent equal to or less than 3…

On 2 April 2025, the United States announced tariff increases on goods imports. Barring a few exceptions, the tariff increases faced by America’s trading partners vary from a minimum of 10% to a maximum of 50%. Those tariff rates were determined using a formula based on bilateral trade deficits and, critically, not on trading partner policy stan…

From AI-powered bookings to strategic technology investments, discover how top companies fuse AI with authentic experiences—and why loyalty is your ultimate defense against disruption.

On 12 March 2025, new and expanded tariffs on aluminium, steel, and downstream “derivative” products come into force. This briefing shows that derivative products alone represented $151 billion of imports in 2024, with 27 foreign economies each having over $500 million of exports at risk. Tariffs on derivative products target parts for cars and …

Trade conflict is costly to all parties. Canadian and Mexican trade retaliation can deny tariff-related wins for American workers. Blunt retaliation could go so far as to eliminate all the take-home pay gains in 40 U.S. states and make whatever gains occur elsewhere barely noticeable. Tariff-induced higher prices are a further drag on American f…

Many American politicians contend that Chinese imports delivered a blow to manufacturing jobs, especially in the Rust Belt states. President Trump wants to fix the employment loss by raising import tariffs. Simulating the job, wage, and inflation effects of his three most prominent campaign pledges for tariffs on the politically sensitive manufa…

In today’s rapidly changing world, the urgency to maintain focus on sustainability has never been greater. While the triple planetary crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution demands immediate action, new challenges such as geopolitical conflicts, inflation, energy security concerns, and the rapid rise of AI technologies threa…

As demand for executive education soars, a new IMD report argues that calculating the return on investment is critical to justifying the spend in time and costs.

In an era of rising economic nationalism and intensifying rivalries, business leaders with extensive cross-border operations must develop sharper agility and foresight. Their ability to make informed decisions in this volatile environment hinges on the strength of their so-called geopolitical radar – their capacity to effectively track and proac…

Accelerating integration of Generative AI (GenAI) will drive massive productivity gains, potentially adding trillions to the global economy. But even as organizations look to leverage its promise, the imperative to address bias in training data, algorithms and outputs is becoming more urgent.